賓語從句講解
在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
1.語序
無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句，賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序，即“主句+連詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+……)”句式。根據連接詞在從句中所擔任的不同成分，可分為以下四種：
1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有： who，what，which等。如：
Could you tell me who knows the answer，please?你能告訴我誰知道答案嗎?
The small children don’t know what is in their stockings.這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西?
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見的連接詞有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問我們班上誰的書法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老師問我們房間里有多少人。
3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有：who(m)，what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if /whether(在句中不充當任何成分)等。如：
He hasn’t decided if he’ll go on a trip to Wuxi.他還沒決定是否去無錫旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢嗎?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪個班嗎?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。
2.連接詞
1)當由陳述句充當賓語從句時，用that引導，that無詞義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略。如：
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說他會在晚飯前完成工作。
2)當由一般疑問句充當賓語從句時，用if或whether引導，意為“是否”。如：
I don’t know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒。
但在下列情況下只能用whether：
①在具有選擇意義，又有or或or not時，尤其是直接與or not連用時，往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如：
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)讓我知道他是否能來。
I don’t know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don’t know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我們是去還是留。
②在介詞之后用whether。如：
I’m interested in whether he likes English.我關心的是他是否喜歡英語。
We’re thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我們正在考慮是否能按時完成這項工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔心是否傷了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn’t decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人。
I don’t know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn’t decided whether to go by bus or by train.他還未決定是乘公共汽車去還是坐火車去。
④whether置于句首時，不能換用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can’t say.這是否真的我說不上來。
⑤引導主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能來還是個問題。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.問題是我們能否趕上公共汽車。
⑥若用if會引起歧義時，則用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解為：
a.Please let me know whether you like the book.請告訴我你是否喜歡這本書。
b.If you like the book，please let me know.你如果喜歡這本書，請告訴我。
3)如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句，只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告訴我今天早上你為什么開會遲到嗎?
3.時態
含賓語從句的復合句，主、從句謂語動詞的時態呼應應包括以下三點內容：
1)如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時，從句的謂語動詞可根據需要，選用相應的任何時態。如：
I don’t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時回來。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了。
2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時，賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據需要，選用過去時態即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式。如：
①The children didn’t know who he was.孩子們不知道他是誰。
②He asked his father how it happened.他問他父親這件事是如何發生的。
3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現象或習慣性動作等，不管主句用什么時態，從句時態都用一般現在時。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉。
4.注意：
if和when既可以引導賓語從句，也可以引導狀語從句，應注意它們在兩種從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導賓語從句時，分別意為“是否”和“何時”，其時態應和主句時態相呼應;它們引導狀語從句時，意思分別為“如果，假如”和“當……時候”，當主句時態是一般將來時時，其時態用一般現在時。它們常常放在含有狀語從句和賓語從句的題干中進行綜合考查。如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時候回來嗎?
—Sorry，I don’t know.When he comes back，I’ll tell you.對不起，不知道。當他回來了，我將告訴你。
—I don’t know if he will come.我不知道他是否會來。
—He will come if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨，他會來的。
簡化賓語從句常用六法
同學們常會遇到把含有賓語從句的復合句轉化為簡單句，使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。下面就介紹幾種常用的簡化賓語從句的方法：
方法一：當主句謂語動詞是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為不定式結構。例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二：當主句謂語動詞是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等動詞，且主句主語與從句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結構。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：當主句謂語動詞是tell， ask， show， teach等動詞，且后帶雙賓語，從句主語和間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結構。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三：當主句的謂語動詞是order(命令)，require(需要)等時，如果主句和從句的主語不一致，賓語從句可簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結構。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四：某些動詞后的賓語從句，可以用介詞加動名詞(短語)等其他形式簡化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五：某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”結構。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六：動詞seem后的賓語從句，也可以用不定式(短語)來簡化，但句型需要進行適當的變化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，還有一些特殊句式的轉化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy
初中英語賓語從句語法專項精選試題
習題(一)
1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took B. take C. takes D. will take
2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been
3 The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had B. has . C. will have D. are
4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may
5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled
答案:1-5 A D C B C
習題(二)
1 Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty
A. who B. what C. when D. that
2 I don’t know ___ they have passed the exam.
A. what B. if C. when D. where
3 I hardly understand. ___ he has told me.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
4 She didn’t know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be
5. I don’t know _____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D. when
6. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening
A. what B when C why D how
7. He asked me _____told me the accident.
A whom B which C who D whose
答案:1-7 C B B A A A C
習題(三)
1. They don’t know their parents are.
A that B what C why D which
2. Please tell me ______what last year.
A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked
3. She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
4. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say
C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said
5 Did you know ____
A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after
6 Could you tell me ___
A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing
C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing
答案:1-6 B D B A A C
習題(四)
1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市東城區)
A. that B. how C. whatD. if
2. —I don’t know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English. (杭州市)
A. why B. when C. how D. where
3. —We never know _____ the old m an is.
—They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)
A. what B. who C. which D. where
4. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重慶市)
A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when
5. —Do you know _____ I’m going to see him.
—Sorry, I don’t know. (北京市海淀區)
A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived
6. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer
—Sorry, I have no idea. (南京市)
A. /; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy
7. I don’t feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. (重慶市)
A. what the matter is B. what is wrong
C. what the matter was D. what wrong was
8. —Where is Jack
—He is away to spend his holiday. He’s gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I’m not sure _____ . (南昌市)
A. that B. which C. where D. there
答案:1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
